【內(nèi)容提要】
【編者按】本期集中推送雜志第10卷第3期（2023年10月）的目錄，以方便讀者查閱和引用，也可方便研究者了解本刊錄用稿件的方針和特色。歡迎大家積極參與全英文學(xué)術(shù)期刊Asian Journal of Law and Society的建設(shè)，在這個(gè)平臺上構(gòu)筑一個(gè)跨學(xué)科、跨國界的知識共同體！
文章1：
The Regulation of Informal Trade Credit (Ograyi) in Afghanistan
阿富汗對非正規(guī)貿(mào)易信貸（Ograyi）的規(guī)范
Nafay Choudhury
Affiliation: Institute for Global Law and Policy, Harvard Law School, Cambridge
納法伊·喬杜里
哈佛法學(xué)院全球法律與政策研究所
Abstract: This article explores the creation, circulation, and regulation of informal trade credit or “Ograyi” in Afghanistan. The practice of ograyi allows businesses to access short-term credit, from either their suppliers or third parties, to acquire specified goods. This paper provides an account of the non-legal practices that regulate ograyi transactions. Ograyi vitally depends on the development of trust between parties. Clientelism helps to maintain stable relationships that can offset market unpredictability. Widespread market norms and practices establish the general behaviour of participants. Parties also renegotiate the terms of the contract if circumstances make it impossible for the creditor to repay the loan in the agreed timeframe. Furthermore, bank credit remains largely unavailable or unappealing to many businesses, and the legal system provides limited recourse in the case of contractual breach. Thus, the non-legal practices regulating ograyi serve as a substitute for legal coercion.
摘要：本文探討了阿富汗非正規(guī)貿(mào)易信貸或者說 “Ograyi”的創(chuàng)建、流通和監(jiān)管。Ograyi 的做法允許企業(yè)從其供應(yīng)商或第三方獲得短期信貸，以購買特定商品。本文介紹了規(guī)范 Ograyi 交易的法外
實(shí)踐
做法。Ograyi 在很大程度上依賴于各方之間的信任，客戶主義有助于維持穩(wěn)定的關(guān)系，從而抵消市場的不可預(yù)測性。廣泛的市場規(guī)范和實(shí)踐確立了參與者的一般行為，如果出現(xiàn)債
務(wù)
權(quán)人無法在約定時(shí)間內(nèi)償還貸款的情況，各方還可以重新談判合同條款。此外，對許多企業(yè)來說，銀行信貸在很大程度上仍然難以獲得或缺乏吸引力，并且法律制度在違約情況下提供的追索權(quán)也相當(dāng)有限。因此，規(guī)范 Ograyi 的法外
實(shí)踐
做法可以替代法律威懾
（發(fā)揮作用）
。
Keywords: informal trade credit; law; Afghanistan; trust; banking; economy
關(guān)鍵詞：非正規(guī)貿(mào)易信貸；法律；阿富汗；信任；銀行；經(jīng)濟(jì)
文章2：
Demystifying the Proliferation of Online Peer-to-Peer Lending in Indonesia: Decoding Fintech as a Regulatory Challenge
揭開印度尼西亞在線點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)借貸激增的神秘面紗：解碼挑戰(zhàn)監(jiān)管的金融科技
David Tan
Affiliation: Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Batam International University, Batam; School of Law, Pelita Harapan University, Tangerang; and The Dickson Poon School of Law, King’s College London
大衛(wèi)·譚
巴淡國際大學(xué)法學(xué)院； 佩利塔霍普 希望之光大學(xué)法學(xué)院，坦格朗； 倫敦國王學(xué)院 潘迪生法學(xué)院，倫敦國王學(xué)院。
Abstract: This paper purports to study the enormous proliferation of fintech online peer-to-peer (P2P) lending in Indonesia, along with their risks and the prevailing regulations of fintech online P2P lending. This article also suggests a varied spectrum of regulatory actions for regulating online P2P lending as an approach to increase consumer protection and stimulate the growth of Indonesia’s financial inclusion. It highlights the regulative risks and challenges of fintech online P2P lending in Indonesia and has discovered various spectra of regulatory responses that the Indonesian government can practise to regulate this potential industry. Solid recommendations were also given to regulators to better develop the present regulatory framework. This paper adds to the literature on the prevailing practice of online P2P lending by offering a legal outlook involving legal protection and the newly emerging fintech industry from an Indonesian context.
摘要：本文旨在研究金融科技在線點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)借貸（P2P）在印度尼西亞的激增現(xiàn)象，以及金融科技在線P2P借貸的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和現(xiàn)行法規(guī)。本文還提出了各種監(jiān)管行動(dòng)建議以規(guī)范在線 P2P 借貸，從而加強(qiáng)消費(fèi)者保護(hù)并刺激印度尼西亞普惠金融的發(fā)展。文章強(qiáng)調(diào)了印度尼西亞金融科技在線 P2P 借貸的監(jiān)管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和挑戰(zhàn)，并發(fā)現(xiàn)了印尼政府為監(jiān)管這一潛在行業(yè)可采取的各種監(jiān)管對策。此外，還向監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)提出了切實(shí)可行的建議，以更好地發(fā)展當(dāng)前的監(jiān)管框架。本文以印度尼西亞為背景，展望涉及法律保護(hù)和新興金融科技行業(yè)的法律前景，從而為關(guān)于“在線P2P 借貸現(xiàn)行做法”的文獻(xiàn)增添新內(nèi)容。
Keywords: peer-to-peer lending; P2P lending; crowdfunding; fintech; financial inclusion; financial regulation
關(guān)鍵詞：點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)借貸；P2P 借貸；眾籌；金融科技；普惠金融；金融監(jiān)管
文章3：
Algorithmic Credit Scoring in Vietnam: A Legal Proposal for Maximizing Benefits and Minimizing Risks
算法信用評分在越南：一項(xiàng)實(shí)現(xiàn)收益最大化和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最小化的法律建議
尼古拉斯·萊內(nèi)茲（Nicolas Lainez）
法國發(fā)展研究院，非洲、美洲與亞洲世界社會科學(xué)研究中心
喬迪·加德納（Jodi Gardner）
奧克蘭大學(xué)，新加坡國立大學(xué)銀行及金融法律中心
Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) and big data are transforming the credit market around the world. Algorithmic credit scoring (ACS) is increasingly used to assess borrowers’ creditworthiness, using technology to glean non-traditional data from smartphones and analyze them through machine-learning algorithms. These processes promise efficiency, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness compared with traditional credit scoring. However, this technology raises public concerns about opacity, unfair discrimination, and threats to individual privacy and autonomy. Many countries in Southeast Asia are introducing ACS in consumer finance markets, although—even with the significant concerns raised—there is an ongoing and concerning lag in oversight and regulation of the process. Regulation is vital to delivering big data and AI promises in the financial services market, while ensuring fairness and public interest. This article utilizes Vietnam, where the lending industry deploys ACS but in a situation of legal limbo, as a case-study to analyze the consequences of this technology. Vietnam is one of the foremost Southeast Asian countries in which ACS usage is spreading rapidly, and this provides an excellent opportunity to review the regulation, or lack thereof, and determine the implications that this may have for other countries that are currently introducing ACS in consumer finance markets. The article concludes with a proposal to regulate ACS in Vietnam based on international regulation and guidelines on ACS, data privacy, and AI to enable a transparent, accessible, and fair process.
摘要：人工智能（AI）和大數(shù)據(jù)正在改變世界各地的信貸市場。算法信用評分（ACS）越來越多地被用來評估借款人的信用度，利用技術(shù)從智能手機(jī)中收集非傳統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)，并通過機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)算法對其進(jìn)行分析。與傳統(tǒng)的信用評分方法相比，這些流程允諾可以提高效率、準(zhǔn)確性和成本-效用。然而，這種技術(shù)引發(fā)了公眾對不透明、不公平歧視以及威脅個(gè)人隱私和自主權(quán)的擔(dān)憂。許多東南亞地區(qū)的國家都在消費(fèi)金融市場中引入了算法信用評分。即使對此已經(jīng)有了強(qiáng)烈的關(guān)切，對這一過程的監(jiān)督和
監(jiān)管
規(guī)章制度仍然滯后，令人擔(dān)憂。要在金融服務(wù)市場實(shí)現(xiàn)大數(shù)據(jù)和人工智能所給出的允諾
的目標(biāo)
，同時(shí)確保公平和公眾利益，監(jiān)管至關(guān)重要。本文以越南為例
，分析該技術(shù)的后果。
——越南的借貸行業(yè)使用了算法信用評分，但這項(xiàng)技術(shù)在法律規(guī)制上尚屬空白地帶——分析該技術(shù)的后果。越南是算法信評分正在迅速普及的主要東南亞國家之一，這為
我們
提供了一個(gè)絕佳的機(jī)會來審視監(jiān)管或缺乏
監(jiān)管
監(jiān)管
缺失
的情況，并
查明
衡量這對其他目前正在向消費(fèi)金融市場
中
引入算法信用評分的國家可能會產(chǎn)生的影響。本文最后提出了一項(xiàng)建議，
即
越南對算法信用評分的
監(jiān)管
管制，應(yīng)基于
有關(guān)算法信用評分
、數(shù)據(jù)隱私和人工智能
的
國際法規(guī)和指導(dǎo)方針，對算法信用評分、數(shù)據(jù)隱私和人工智能進(jìn)行監(jiān)管，以實(shí)現(xiàn)透明、便捷和公平的評估流程。
Keywords: algorithmic credit scoring, benefit, risk, regulation, Vietnam
關(guān)鍵詞：算法信用評分、收益、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、
監(jiān)管
管制、越南
文章4：Wait-and-See or Whack-a-Mole: What Is the Best Way to Regulate Fintech in China?
觀望還是打地鼠：在中國監(jiān)管金融科技的最佳方式是什么？
許多奇（Duoqi Xu），復(fù)旦大學(xué)
C.約翰·泰勒（C. John Taylor），新南威爾士大學(xué)
任愿達(dá)（Yuanda Ren），復(fù)旦大學(xué)
Abstract: Chinese fintech, initially taking the form as “Internet finance,” is growing rapidly and poses great challenges to its financial regulatory authorities. Acclaimed as a new financial innovation, Internet finance was once accepted and even welcomed by the normally conservative Chinese financial regulators, who simultaneously adopted a wait-and-see strategy, to encourage such innovation and avoid overwhelming regulation. The benevolent regulation stance, however, bred rampant Ponzi schemes or fake financial innovation, resulting in tremendous monetary losses among lots of investors. To show a quick and active response, the central government popped into a whack-a-mole game, starting a four-year campaign of strict Internet finance regulation that has even cracked down on all the P2P lending platforms. This article analyzes the regulatory policy updates of Chinese Internet finance that is transforming to certain kinds of lawful fintech with difficulties, and that adaptive regulatory-organization restructure, regulatory-system optimization, and regulatory-model innovation would be more effective and constructive regulatory options.
摘要：最初以“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融”
為雛形
的形式出現(xiàn)的中國金融科技發(fā)展迅速，給金融監(jiān)管部門帶來了巨大挑戰(zhàn)。被譽(yù)為一種新的金融創(chuàng)新的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融，一度被
一向
通常保守的中國金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)接受甚至歡迎，他們同時(shí)采取觀望策略，以鼓勵(lì)這種創(chuàng)新，避免過度監(jiān)管。然而，寬松的監(jiān)管立場滋生了猖獗的龐氏騙局或虛假金融創(chuàng)新，導(dǎo)致許多投資者遭受巨額
經(jīng)濟(jì)
財(cái)產(chǎn)損失。為了展示快速且積極
應(yīng)對
的反應(yīng)，中央政府突然玩起了打地鼠游戲，開始了為期四年
的
的嚴(yán)格的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融
嚴(yán)格
監(jiān)管運(yùn)動(dòng)，甚至打擊了所有的P2P
網(wǎng)絡(luò)
借貸平臺。本文分析了中國對于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融——
其正在
它艱難轉(zhuǎn)型為某種合法金融科技——的監(jiān)管政策的更新
。
，這種適應(yīng)性的監(jiān)管組織
重構(gòu)
重組、監(jiān)管體系優(yōu)化和監(jiān)管模式創(chuàng)新將是更有效、更具建設(shè)性的監(jiān)管
選擇
方式。
Keywords: Internet finance; fintech; wait-and-see strategy; whack-a-mole game; fake financial innovation
關(guān)鍵詞：互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融；金融科技；觀望策略；打地鼠游戲；虛假金融創(chuàng)新
文章5：Automating Intervention in Chinese Justice: Smart Courts and Supervision Reform
中國司法中的自動(dòng)化干預(yù)：智慧法院和監(jiān)管改革
斯特拉頓·帕帕揚(yáng)尼斯 （Straton Papagianneas），中國上海美國學(xué)校，萊頓大學(xué)人文學(xué)院區(qū)域文化研究所
Abstract: This article examines how smart courts enhance the reform of judicial responsibility and the “trial supervision and management” mechanism. It holds that smart courts, while meant to provide better judicial services and improve access to justice, have the additional goal of enhancing the restructuring of accountability and power structures. It argues that automation and digitization help institutionalize and codify political supervision. Smart courts help resolve tension between the two opposing requirements of Chinese courts to maintain legal rationality and independent adjudication on the one hand, and the need for flexibility to allow intervention on the other. This article provides an account of the automation of “trial supervision and management” and explores the role of technology in enhancing political intervention in China’s legal system. This investigation draws on internal court reports and central and local judicial documents, supplemented with a review of Chinese empirical scholarship.
摘要：文章探討了智慧法院如何加強(qiáng)司法責(zé)任體制和“審判監(jiān)督管理”機(jī)制的改革。本文認(rèn)為，智慧法院在具有提供更好司法服務(wù)和
改善
豐富司法救助渠道的目標(biāo)的同時(shí)，還具有加強(qiáng)問責(zé)制和權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的額外目標(biāo)。文章還認(rèn)為，自動(dòng)化和數(shù)字化有利于政治監(jiān)督的制度化和法典化。智慧法院有助于解決中國法院在保持法律合理性和獨(dú)立裁決與允許靈活干預(yù)這兩種對立要求之間的緊張關(guān)系。本文對“審判監(jiān)督管理”的自動(dòng)化進(jìn)行闡述，并探討技術(shù)在
加強(qiáng)
中國法律體系中對
的
政治干預(yù)
方面
的
的
強(qiáng)化作用。上述考察借鑒了法院內(nèi)部報(bào)告以及中央和地方司法文件，并輔之以對中國實(shí)證學(xué)術(shù)研究的回顧。
Keywords: smart courts, judicial responsibility reform, trial supervision and management, automation, China, justice
關(guān)鍵詞：智慧法院，司法責(zé)任制改革，審判監(jiān)督管理，自動(dòng)化，中國，司法
文章6：Order of Power in China’s Courts
中國法院的權(quán)力命令
Ling Li，維也納大學(xué)
Abstract: This article presents a theory of the order of power to explain the dynamics and interaction between the political and legal orders in China’s courts. This theory posits that the political order is embodied in the extensive administrative ranking system (ARS) of the People’s Republic of China and has a systematic impact on the legal order regardless of the subject matter. The ARS is a system that regulates power relations between various institutional and personal actors in all key power fields, including courts. According to this theory, power, as stratified by the ARS, relativizes law during the processes of legal implementation, application, and enforcement. This theory provides a coherent explanation of judicial behavioural patterns in different subject matters, such as the centralization of criminal investigations in some crimes but not others, the distribution of corruption in China’s courts, and the outcome patterns of administrative litigation. Whilst the conventional wisdom sees that the political and the legal orders in China’s courts are partitioned based on the subject matter, this theory asserts the opposite: the impact of the political order is systemic, comprehensive, and applicable to the entire legal field. This article fills a knowledge gap in Chinese law and politics, where the ARS has received little attention except for recent studies on administrative litigation. The article also identifies two overlooked but distinctive features of the ARS—its multidimensionality and interconnectivity—our understanding of which is disproportionately poor in relation to their significance.
摘要：
文章提出權(quán)力秩序理論用以解釋中國法院中政治秩序和法律秩序之間的動(dòng)態(tài)與互動(dòng)關(guān)系。該理論認(rèn)為，政治秩序體現(xiàn)在中華人民共和國廣泛的行政等級制度（ARS）中，且
無
不論什么領(lǐng)域事項(xiàng)都對法律秩序產(chǎn)生系統(tǒng)性影響。ARS是一個(gè)調(diào)節(jié)包括法院在內(nèi)的所有關(guān)鍵權(quán)力領(lǐng)域中各種機(jī)構(gòu)和個(gè)人行為者之間權(quán)力關(guān)系的制度。根據(jù)這一理論，被ARS分層的權(quán)力會在法律實(shí)施、適用和執(zhí)行過程中將法律相對化。該理論為不同主題的司法行為模式提供了連貫的解釋，如刑事偵查在某些犯罪中的集中化、
而
但
在
另一些犯罪
中
則不然，
腐敗在
中國法院
中
腐敗的分布情況，以及行政訴訟的結(jié)果模式。傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，中國法院的政治秩序和法律秩序是基于領(lǐng)域主題劃分的，本理論則持相反觀點(diǎn)：政治秩序的影響是系統(tǒng)的、全面的，適用于整個(gè)法律領(lǐng)域。除了最近關(guān)于行政訴訟的研究外，ARS在中國法律和政治領(lǐng)域幾乎沒有受到關(guān)注，本文則填補(bǔ)了這一知識空白。文章同時(shí)指出ARS兩個(gè)被忽視但獨(dú)特的特征——多維性和
相互關(guān)聯(lián)
互連性——我們對這兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)的認(rèn)知
程度相較
淺薄與其
其
重要性
是
不成比例
的
。
Keywords: China’s courts, comparative constitutional law, Chinese legal system, law and politics, administrative rank, authoritarian regimes
關(guān)鍵詞：中國法院，比較憲法，中國
法律體系
法制，法律和政治，行政級別，威權(quán)政體
文章7：Neocolonial Digitality: Analyzing Digital Legal Databases Using Legal Pluralism
新殖民數(shù)字化：以法律多元主義分析數(shù)字法律數(shù)據(jù)庫
薩爾瓦·塔巴蘇姆·霍克（Salwa Tabassum Hoque），紐約大學(xué)
Abstract: A prevalent assumption is that digital legal databases generate an exhaustive and inclusive archive for academics and legal professionals to use for gathering information. Bridging theories and methods from digital media studies and legal anthropology, I challenge this assumption and demonstrate how digitizing law is a politicized process that is tied to legacies of colonialism and modern epistemic frameworks of law and justice. Employing the concept of legal pluralism, I conduct a comparative study of urban secular state courts and rural Islamic/customary non-state courts (shalish) in Bangladesh to show how the construction of digital legal databases distorts and erases alternate frameworks of law and women’s socio-legal experiences. I discuss two significant use of digital legal databases to highlight why it is important to study the gaps and prejudices: (1) they are central to generating new forms of archives—digital archives; (2) they provide the data sets to help train artificial intelligence and influence automated outputs. I develop the term “neocolonial digitality” to explain how power related to legacies of colonialism and other forms of discrimination are embedded in the digitizing process. This concept also holds space for the newer forms of hierarchies, exclusions, and power structures that digitality permits, focusing on the particular harms marginalized communities encounter in the Global South.
摘要：一個(gè)普遍假設(shè)是，數(shù)字法律數(shù)據(jù)庫為學(xué)者和法律專業(yè)人
士
員
收集信息
提供了一個(gè)用于收集信息的內(nèi)容詳盡
、包羅萬象
且包容的檔案
庫
。筆者將數(shù)字媒體研究和法律人類學(xué)的理論和方法
相銜接
聯(lián)系起來，對這一假設(shè)提出質(zhì)疑，并證明法律數(shù)字化是一個(gè)政治化的過程，與殖民主義的遺留以及現(xiàn)代法律和
司法
正義的認(rèn)識框架有關(guān)。運(yùn)用法律多元主義的概念，筆者對孟加拉國的城市世俗國家法院和農(nóng)村伊斯蘭/習(xí)慣的非國家法院（shalish）進(jìn)行了比較研究，以
說
表明數(shù)字法律數(shù)據(jù)庫的建設(shè)如何扭曲和
抹殺
抹去
了其他
替代的法律框架和婦女的社會法律
經(jīng)驗(yàn)
經(jīng)歷。筆者討論了數(shù)字法律數(shù)據(jù)庫的兩個(gè)重要用途，以強(qiáng)調(diào)研究差距和偏見的重要性：（1）它們是生成數(shù)字檔案這一新
形式
檔案形式的核心；（2）它們提供數(shù)據(jù)集來幫助訓(xùn)練人工智能并影響自動(dòng)化輸出。筆者提出了“新殖民
主義
數(shù)字化”一詞以解釋與殖民主義遺留和其他形式的歧視有關(guān)的權(quán)力是如何嵌入數(shù)字化過程的。聚焦于南半球邊緣化社區(qū)所遭遇的特殊傷害，這一概念也為數(shù)字化所允許的新形式的等級制度、排斥和權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)提供了空間。
Keywords: digital database; legal pluralism; South Asia; AI Judge; Global South; Bangladesh
關(guān)鍵詞：數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)庫；法律多元化；南亞；人工智能法官；南半球；孟加拉國
Book Review:
1. The Transformative Evolution of Human Dignity in Asia’s Modern State-Building Projects - Human Dignity in Asia: Dialogue Between Law and Culture. Edited by Jimmy Chia-Shin Hsu. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. 386 pp. US$140.00
《亞洲人的尊嚴(yán)：法律與文化之間的對話》編者：Jimmy Chia-Shin Hsu
2. SCO and New Horizons for the Multi-Polar World - The Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Exploring New Horizons. By Sergey Marochkin and Yury Bezborodov (eds.), New York: Routledge, 2022. 262 pp. Hardcover $153.00
《上海合作組織：探索新地平線》編者：Sergey Marochkin & Yury Bezborodov
3. The Constitution and Religion - Buddhism and Comparative Constitutional Law. By Tom Ginsburg & Benjamin Schonthal. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2023. 300 pp. Hardcover $125.00
《佛教與比較憲法》作者：Tom Ginsburg & Benjamin Schonthal